El sueño aumenta la reproducción de las células que participan en la formación de la mielina, el material aislante en las proyecciones de las células nerviosas en el cerebro y la médula espinal, según un estudio que publica la revista Journal of Neuroscience.
Desde hace años, los científicos saben que muchos genes se activan durante el sueño y se apagan en los períodos de vigilia. Sin embargo, no estaba claro de qué modo afecta el sueño a ciertas células específicas como los oligodendrocitos, que producen la mielina en el cerebro sano y responden a una lesión. De manera similar al aislamiento que rodea un cable eléctrico, la mielina permite a los impulsos eléctricos moverse rápidamente de una célula a la siguiente.
En el nuevo estudio, Chiara Cirelli y sus colegas de la Universidad de Wisconsin, en Estados Unidos, midieron la actividad genética en oligodendrocitos de ratones que durmieron o fueron obligados a permanecer despiertos. El equipo identificó que los genes que promueven la formación de la mielina se activan durante el sueño, mientras que los implicados en la muerte celular y la respuesta al estrés celular se encienden cuando los animales despiertan. Por si fuera poco, un análisis adicional reveló que la reproducción de las células precursoras de oligodendrocitos se duplican durante el sueño, especialmente durante el movimiento rápido de los ojos, es decir, en la fase del sueño denominada REM.
A la vista de los resultados, Cirelli sospecha que la pérdida extrema y/o crónica de sueño podría agravar algunos de los síntomas de la esclerosis múltiple (EM), una enfermedad que daña la mielina.
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