Un implante cerebral desarrollado en la Universidad de Michigan (EE UU) usa la piel del cuerpo como conductor para transmitir, sin cables, las señales neurales del cerebro a un ordenador de control. El dispositivo podría usarse para reactivar los miembros paralizados.
El implante ha sido bautizado con el nombre deBioBolt y, a diferencia de otras tecnologías de interfaz neural que establecen una conexión desde el cerebro a un artefacto externo como un ordenador, requiere un mínimo de invasión y consume poca energía, dijo el investigador principal Euisik Yoon, profesor en la Escuela de Ingeniería, en el Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Ciencia de Computadora en la Universidad de Michigan.
BioBolt se implanta en el cráneo debajo de la piel y la capa de microcircuitos queda apoyada en el cerebro. Los microcircuitos operan como micrófonos que «escuchan» patrón general de activación de las neuronas y las asocian con un comando específico del cerebro. Esas señales se amplifican y filtran, se convierten en señales digitales y se transmiten a través de la piel a un ordenador externo.
Con los dispositivos disponibles hasta ahora el cerebro debe permanecer abierto mientras los implantes neurales están en la cabeza, lo cual impide en la práctica el uso diario en un paciente. BioBolt no penetra la corteza cerebral y queda completamente cubierto por la piel, lo cual reduce enormemente el riesgo de infección. Los investigadores creen que el artefacto es un paso muy importante hacia el objetivo último de las interfaces entre cerebro y computadora: permitir que una persona paralizada «piense» un movimiento.
«La meta es lograr la reactivación de los miembros paralizados» recogiendo las señales neurales de la corteza cerebral y transmitiéndolas directamente a los músculos, dijo Wise, quien es también director fundador del Centro NSF de Investigación de Ingeniería para Microsistemas Inalámbricos Integrados (WIMS ERC).No obstante, los investigadores advierten que el desarrollo de esta tecnología llevará años. Otra aplicación prometedora del BioBolt es el control de la epilepsia y el diagnóstico de ciertas patologías como la Enfermedad de Parkinson.
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