ROSA FERRIOL. PALMA. Su lectura es lenta, sin ritmo, se come letras, cambia palabras… Igual ocurre con su escritura: junta o separa palabras, cambia una letra por otra o se come alguna que otra. Tanto en casa como en el colegio, con frecuencia se suele tildar a estos niños de torpes, vagos, infantiles o inmaduros. De ahí surgen sus dolores de barriga o de cabeza, su nerviosismo, su malestar o sus dificultades para conciliar el sueño. Lo más probable es que estos niños no sean ni vagos ni infantiles. Son disléxicos. La dislexia afecta a una de cada diez personas. Por ello, la Asociación Dislexia y Familia (Disfam) alerta que un niño puede ser disléxico y no saberlo nadie.
El presidente de la organización, Iñaki Muñoz, especifica que un 15% de la población balear es disléxica. Si las cifras se trasladan al ámbito escolar, en cada aula suele haber tres alumnos con esta dificultad en el aprendizaje de la lectura, la escritura o el cálculo. El problema es que frecuentemente se suele achacar a que el pequeño es torpe o vago y no van más allá.
Las reiteradas equivocaciones en la lectura suelen provocar comentarios del docente como «¡quieres leer bien!», una críticas que empeoran la situación porque «frustran a los niños». Por ello, Disfam propone a los docentes promover entre los alumnos con un trastorno en el aprendizaje un programa de adaptación no significativa. Se trata de un conjunto de técnicas que facilitan el trabajo diario a los estudiantes.
Muñoz hace hincapié en que la dislexia no es una enfermedad, se trata de un trastorno en el aprendizaje. El responsable de la asociación deja claro que es mejor la etiqueta de «disléxico» que la de «vago» porque una persona con este trastorno realiza un «sobreesfuerzo» en su día a día.
La adaptación no significativa consiste en unas recomendaciones que tienen como objetivo proporcionar al alumnado con dislexia unas herramientas metodológicas adaptadas al trastorno que padece y están ajustadas a los síntomas generales que sufren los estudiantes con dislexia durante toda la etapa educativa.
Durante la clase, el profesor no debe forzar la lectura en voz alta, a no ser que el alumno esté muy motivado. Asimismo, los libros deben estar adaptados al nivel lector del estudiante. Muñoz detalla que los disléxicos tienen la vía audiovisual más desarrollada. Por ello, se recomienda que los niños puedan realizar los trabajos escritos por ordenador ya que el corrector rectifica las palabras mal escritas.
En el momento de examinarse, los docentes deben permitir que los afectados por este trastorno dispongan de más tiempo para realizar la prueba, también pueden reducir el número de preguntas. Hay que evitar la copia de enunciados y el profesor debe cerciorarse de que ha comprendido las cuestiones a evaluar antes de empezar la prueba. En estos casos, los profesores deben evaluar los exámenes y los trabajos en función del contenido. Así, las faltas de ortografía no deben influir en la puntuación final. Otra de las técnicas que pueden ayudar es no corregir los trabajos o exámenes en rojo. Cuando se trata de un dictado, sólo se deben corregir los errores ortográficos que se consideren de mayor importancia. Si el alumno también padece discalculia, es necesario que pueda utilizar la calculadora y consultar las tablas de multiplicar.
Muñoz apunta que las anteriores recomendaciones son unas pautas mínimas que se pueden ampliar en función de cada caso adaptándose a los síntomas que presenta el afectado a través del asesoramiento de un especialista. Balears es la comunidad que más trabajo lleva hecho en el campo de la dislexia, un trastorno donde la detección precoz es esencial.
Fuente: Diariodemallorca.es
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