Simon Baron-Cohen participó hace unas semanas en las jornadas científicas que la Fundación Alicia Koplowitz celebró en Madrid sobre la prevención y detección precoz de trastornos mentales del niño y del adolescente.
Baron-Cohen, profesor del departamento de Psiquiatría y Psicología Experimental de la Universidad de Cambridge, basó su intervención en el papel que juegan las hormonas masculinas, como la testosterona, en el desarrollo del autismo.
Esta son algunas de las conclusiones del profesor Baron-Cohen.
- ¿El autismo es muy común entre los niños europeos?
En la mayoría de los países es del uno por ciento de la población, ya sean niños o adultos, así que creo que es bastante común.
- ¿Cuáles son las características de un niño autista?
Una manera de caracterizar el autismo es que ellos están más interesados en las cosas y en los patrones que en las personas, porque un niño típico está interesado en todo, en las personas y en los objetos, pero si usted tiene un niño que tiene una fuerte sesgo hacia los objetos y apenas mira a la gente es probablemente una predicción muy buena del autismo.
Ceguera mental
- ¿Por qué se refiere al autismo como “ceguera mental”?
En mi conferencia no tuve la oportunidad de hablar sobre ello, pero hay un montón de investigaciones que demuestran que los niños autistas desarrollan más lentamente la capacidad de comprender los puntos de vista de otras personas o para mostrar empatía. Llamándolo “ceguera mental” es sólo una breve descripción de esta discapacidad.
Un niño en la infancia temprana puede muy rápidamente leer las caras de otras personas e imaginar los puntos de vista de éstas, pero los niños con autismo tienen retrasos en esa capacidad.
- ¿Es una enfermedad genética?
Es un factor muy claro, y probablemente el factor principal.
Yo no uso la palabra “enfermedad”. Sé que mucha gente, especialmente en los EE.UU, llaman al autismo una enfermedad, yo personalmente lo llamo una condición médica, pero es bastante complejo, ya que tiene algunos aspectos de discapacidad, pero a veces también es un talento, por lo que si usted tiene un niño que se está realizando por encima del promedio, digamos que en la música, el dibujo o en las matemáticas, no es una enfermedad, sino un don, algo especial, pero es diferente, el punto es que es un patrón diferente de desarrollo.
“Condición” reconoce que tiene una causa y que estas personas pueden necesitar ayuda, por lo que puede ser necesario un diagnóstico y servicios.
Hombres y autismo
- ¿Por qué el autismo es más común en los hombres?
Esa es la gran pregunta. Podría haber muchas razones, podría haber razones genéticas o hormonales y en mi conferencia yo he analizado las hormonas, pero no creo que las hormonas actúen solas, interactúan con la genética y con la experiencia social por lo que es multifactorial; un factor puede ser que no se trata de cualquier hormona, sino específicamente de los andrógenos y la testosterona.
Hasta ahora la evidencia es la vinculación de esta hormona con la variación en los niños típicos y el número de rasgos autistas, y la nueva investigación será probada en los niños que tienen autismo, así que tenemos que tener cuidado, las pruebas no se ha establecido aún, es sólo una teoría y lo estamos probando.
Detección
- ¿A qué edad se puede detectar el autismo?
Podemos diagnosticar autismo a los dieciocho meses de edad y hemos publicado algunos estudios que muestran que con una detección temprana, por ejemplo, si se mira a los niños que no apuntan con el gesto de señalar, no miran a las caras, no usan el juego de ficción o no usan la imaginación, usted puede detectar así a los niños que puedan tener autismo y entonces podemos usar instrumentos clínicos como la entrevista de diagnóstico autista y realizar un diagnóstico fiable con tan sólo dieciocho meses.
Que a muchos niños no se les haga el diagnóstico lo más temprano, no significa que no se pueda hacer, además también significa que las señales podrían estar ahí incluso antes.
Creo que antes de los nueve meses de edad, sería muy difícil saber lo que se debe buscar.
- ¿Cuándo los padres pueden detectar signos de autismo?
Mi experiencia es que los padres se dividen, algunos dicen: ‘yo sabía que había algo diferente desde el principio, nunca he tenido una conexión normal con mi bebé”, y otros piensan que su niño se está desarrollando normalmente tal vez hasta que el niño va a la escuela y no se mezcla con otros niños.
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